What is a percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA)?

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What is surgical sperm retrieval (SSR)?

Dr Suks Minhas, a Consultant Urologist and Andrologist at London Andrology, says SSR is technique which extracts sperm from the inside the male either via needle or from the testicles in open surgery under general anaesthesia.

Transcript
Surgical sperm retrieval is a surgical technique to remove sperm from the testicle, either with needles, which can be, in the obstructive patients, a percutaneous sperm aspiration, which is a needle into the epididymis. Or, alternatively, you can extract sperm directly from the testicle, particularly in non-obstructive azoospermic patients, where you can actually extract it under a microscope, called microdissection sperm retrieval.

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